passive voice

Passive voice ada dua bentuk “voice” dalam bahasa Inggris, active voice dan passive voice. Active voice menunjukkan apa yang dilakukan oleh subjek, contoh: The secretary wrote a letter (Sekretaris menulis sebuah surat) Passive voice menunjukkan apa yang dilakukan terhadap subjek. Contoh: The letter was written by the secretary (Surat ditulis oleh sekreatir) Bentuk Kalimat pasif dibuat dengan kata kerja “to be” dan kata kerja bentuk ke-3. Berikut beberapa tenses bahasa Inggris utama yang digunakan dalam passive voice. Tenses Simple present: Present continuous: Simple past: Past continuous: Present perfect: Past perfect: Future: Future continuous: Present conditional: Past conditional: Subject Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Verb “to be” are are being were were being have been had been will be will be being would be would have been Verb III planted every year planted now. planted last year planted last summer. planted here for 10 years. planted until last year. planted next year. planted during the summer. planted if we had seeds. planted if we had had seeds. By Untuk menyatakan apa penyebab sebuah tindakan pasif, kita bisa menggunakan by. Contoh: This photo was taken by my friend. I was given this by my brother. Seringkali tidak diperlukan untuk menyatakan penyebab tindakan pasif, khususnya jika dipahami dengan jelas atau tidak relevan. Sebagai contoh: The meeting was cancelled (pertemuan itu dibatalkan). (Informasi penting yang ingin disampaikan adalah pembatalan pertemuan, bukan siapa yang membatalkannya.) These boots were made in Italy (sepatu-sepatu boot ini dibuat di Italia). (Informasi yang penting dalam kalimat ini adalah bahwa sepatu-sepatu tersebut dibuat di Italia, bukan siapa yang membuatnya). Born Ketika berbicara tentang kelahiran orang tertentu atau suatu peristiwa, kita menggunakan bentuk pasif “to be born”. Contoh: I was born in Iran. The twins were born just last year. Get Get bisa digunakan menggantikan to be pada situasi dimana sesuatu terjadi. Contoh: - Our flight got cancelled = Our flight was cancelled. - I got paid today = I was paid today. Get tidak bisa digunakan pada situasi-situasi umum dan apabila bersama dengan kata kerja yang menyatakan keadaan (bukan tindakan). Contoh: - He is liked by a lot of people. - Benar - He gets liked by a lot of people. - Tidak benar - She is known to be a hard-working employee. - Benar - She gets known to be a hard-working employee.- Tidak benar Get digunakan lebih sering dalam bahasa Inggris informal. sumber: http://www.1-language.com/englishcourse/unit58_grammar.htm

relative clauses pronoun type Relative pronoun type

relative clauses pronoun type Relative pronoun type this is in fact a type of gapped relative clause, but is distinguished by the fact that the role of the shared noun in the embedded clause is indicated indirectly by the case marking of the marker (the relative pronoun) used to join the main and embedded clauses. All languages which use relative pronouns have them in clause-initial position: though one could conceivably imagine a clause-final relative pronoun analogous to an adverbial subordinator in that position, they are unknown. Note that some languages have what are described as "relative pronouns" (in that they agree with some properties of the head noun, such as number and gender) but which don't actually indicate the case role of the shared noun in the embedded clause. Classical Arabic in fact has "relative pronouns" which are case-marked, but which agree in case with the head noun. Case-marked relative pronouns in the strict sense are almost entirely confined to European languages[citation needed], where they are widespread except among the Celtic family and Indo-Aryan family. The influence of Spanish has led to their adaption by a very small number of Native American languages, of which the best-known are the Keresan languages. Pronoun retention type In this type, the position relativized is indicated by means of a personal pronoun in the same syntactic position as would ordinarily be occupied by a noun phrase of that type in the main clause — known as a resumptive pronoun. It is equivalent to saying "The man who I saw him yesterday went home". Pronoun retention is very frequently used for relativization of inaccessible positions on the accessibility hierarchy. In Persian and Classical Arabic, for example, resumptive pronouns are required when the embedded role is other than the subject or direct object, and optional in the case of the direct object. Resumptive pronouns are common in non-verb-final languages of Africa and Asia, and also used by the Celtic languages of northwest Europe and Romanian ("Omul pe care l-am văzut ieri a mers acasă"/"The man who I saw him yesterday went home"). They also occur in deeply embedded positions in English, as in "That's the girl that I don't know what she did",although this is sometimes considered non-standard. Only a very small number of languages, of which the best known is Yoruba, have pronoun retention as their sole grammatical type of relative clause. Nonreduction type In the nonreduction type, unlike the other three, the shared noun occurs as a full-fledged noun phrase in the embedded clause, which has the form of a full independent clause. Typically, it is the head noun in the main clause that is reduced or missing. Some languages use relative clauses of this type with the normal strategy of embedding the relative clause next to the head noun. These languages are said to have internally headed relative clauses, which would be similar to the (ungrammatical) English structure "[You see the girl over there] is my friend" or "I took [you see the girl over there] out on a date". This is used, for example, in Navajo, which uses a special relative verb (as with some other Native American languages). A second strategy is the correlative-clause strategy used by Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Bambara. This strategy is equivalent to saying "Which girl you see over there, she is my daughter" or "Which knife I killed my friend with, the police found that knife". It is "correlative" because of the corresponding "which ... that ..." demonstratives or "which ... she/he/it ..." pronouns, which indicate the respective nouns being equated. Note that the shared noun can either be repeated entirely in the main clause or reduced to a pronoun. Note also that there is no need to front the shared noun in such a sentence. For example, in the second example above, Hindi would actually say something equivalent "I killed my friend with which knife, the police found that knife". Dialects of some European languages, such as Italian, do use the nonreduction type in forms that could be glossed in English as "The man just passed us by, he introduced me to the chancellor here." Similarly, spoken English tends to replace uses of the relative pronoun whose with non-reduced clauses. For example, consider the following sentence: The man whose daughter I know is arriving tomorrow. Informal English would tend to say instead This man, I know his daughter, (and) he's arriving tomorrow. In general, however, nonreduction is restricted to verb-final languages, though it is more common among those that are head-marking.

exercise 37-38

exercise 37 1. The record that was reduced by this company became gold record. 2. Checking accounts, that require a minimum balance are very common now. 3. The professor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today. 4. John whom grades are the highest in the school has received a scholarship. 5. Felipe bought the camera that has three lenses. 6. Frank is the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer. 7. The doctor is with the patient whom leg was broken in an accident. 8. Jane is the woman whom is going to China next year. 9. Janet wants a typewriter that self-corrects. 10. This book I found that last week contains some useful information. 11. Mr. Bryant whom team has lost the game looks very sad. 12. James wrote an article that indicated he disliked the president. 13. The director of the program whom graduated from Harvard University is planning to retire next year. 14. This is the book that I have been looking for this book all year. 15. William whom brother is a lawyer wants to become a judge. exercise 38 1. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convertion. 2. All of the money accepted has already been released. 3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia. 4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime. 5. The girl drinking coffee is Mary Allen. 6. John’s wife a professor has written several papers on this subject. 7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle. 8. The book on the top shelf is the one that I need. 9. The number of students counted is quite high. 10. Leo Evans a doctor eats in this restaurant every day.

exercice 36

1. The teacher made Juan leave the room 2. Toshiko had her car repaired by a mechanic 3. Ellen got Marvin typed her paper 4. I made Jane call her friend on the telephone 5. We got our house painted last week 6. Dr. Byrd is having the students write a composition 7. The policeman made the suspect lie on the ground 8. Mark got his transcripts send to the university 9. Maria is getting her hair cut tomorrow 10. We will have to get the Dean signed this form 11. The teacher let Al leave the classroom. 12. Maria got Ed washed the pipettes 13. She always has her car to fix by the same mechanic 14. Gene got his book published by a subsidy publisher 15. We have to help Janet to find her keys

Cause Connectors

materi Cause Connectors “Because / Because of”
Cause Connectors

Because/ because of
because selalu diikuti dengan kalimat lengkap ( Harus ada Verb nya ) ….because of hanya diikuti sebuah kata benda (noun) atau noun phrase.
(tidak boleh ada konjugasi/penghubung antara because of dengan noun ….

Formula :
…because + Subject + Verb ….
ex : He was frustrated because the mucked was up windscreen.
…because of + noun (noun phrase) ….
ex: He was frustrated because of the mucked up windscreen (noun phrase).
He was frustrated because the mucked was up windscreen
note :
Because of sering ditukar dengan due to …
Because juga bisa menjadi sebuah awal kalimat …
ex : because of the rain (noun phrase), we have cancelled the party .

ubordinating conjunctions

Introduce adverb clauses

Either the dependent clause or the independent clause may come first in the sentence, with no change in meaning

ex: Before he came, we didn't have a physical education teacher.

We didn't have a physical education teacher before he came.

· Prepositions

Is followed by a noun or noun phrase

Either clause may appear first

ex: He didn't come to class due to his illness.

Purpose and result (so that)

Formula :

Subject + Verb + so that + Subject + verb

Ex: I tried to run so that I could save money.

Purpose clauses

You use a purpose clause when you want to state the purpose of the action in the independent clause. The most common type of purpose clause is a to-infinitive clause.

Ex: Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report.

Result clauses

When you want to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a result clause. Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as so, so... that, or such … that.

The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep.
Peter was having problems with mathematics, so he went to see his tutor to ask for advice.
There were so many books on the subject that Cindy didn’t know where to begin.
There was such a lot of material to cover that Ivan found it difficult to keep up with his studies.

exercise 31-34

Exercise 31 : Nouns Functioning as Adjectives
1. Twelve story
2. Language
3. Three act
4. Two day
5. 79 piece
6. Five shelve
7. 16 ounch
8. Six quart
9. Brick
10. Ten speed
Exercise 32 : Enough
1. Enough people
2. French enough
3. Enough time
4. Fast enough
5. Soon enough
6. Early enough
7. Hard enough
8. Enough slowly
9. Enough flour
10. Enough books

Exercise 33 : Because/Because of
1. Because
2. Because
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because
8. Because
9. Because
10. Beccause of


Exercise 34 : so/suck
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. Such
7. Such
8. So
9. So
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So

tugas bahasa inggris

Exercise 21 Conditional sentences
1. will understand
2. Would not
3. Will give
4. Would told
5. Would have
6. Had
7. Will stop
8. Needed
9. Would have found
10. Had enjoyed
11. Paint
12. Were
13. Writes
14. Had permit
15. Will spend
16. Will accept
17. Buys
18. Had decided
19. Would have writen
20. Will leak
21. Had studied
22. Hears
23. See
24. Gets
25. Turn
26. Are
27. Would have called
28. Would have talked
29. Explained
30. Spoke






Exercise 22 Used to
1. Eating
2. Eating
3. Swimming
4. Like
5. Speaking
6. Studying
7. Dance
8. Sleeping
9. Eating
10. Eating

Exercise 26 : Adjectives and Adverbs
1. Well
2. Intense
3. Brightly
4. Fluent
5. Fluently
6. Smooth
7. Accurately
8. Bitter
9. Soon
10. Fast
Exercise 27 : Linking (Copulative) Verbs
1. Terrible
2. Well
3. Good
4. Calm
5. Sick
6. Quickly
7. Diligently
8. Vehemently
9. Relaxedly
10. Noisy


Exercise 28 : Comparisons
1. As soon
2. More Important
3. As well
4. More Expensive
5. As hot
6. More Talented
7. More Colorful
8. Happier
9. Worse
10. Faster
Exercise 29 : Comparisons
1. Than
2. Than
3. Than
4. Than
5. Than
6. More Than
7. With
8. Than
9. More Than
10. More Than
Exercise 30 : Comparisons
1. Best
2. Happiest
3. Faster
4. Creamiest
5. More colorful
6. Better
7. Good
8. More awkwardly
9. Least
10. Prettiest
11. The best
12. From
13. Less impressive
14. The sicker
15. Than
16. Twice more than
17. Few
18. Much
19. Farthest
20. More famous

Conditional Sentences Type III

Use
Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address, however. So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.
Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.
It is impossible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.
form
if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect andConditional II on how to form negative sentences.
Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.
if clause
Past Perfect

main clause
would + have + past participle
or
could + have + past participle
or
might + have + past participle

Examples
If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I could have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I might have passed the exams.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I had studied, = I would have passed the exams.
I would have passed the exams = if I had studied.

In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the ‘if’ clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

‘IF’ CLAUSE
If + past perfect
If it had rained
If you had worked harder

MAIN CLAUSE
Perfect conditional
you would have got wet
you would have passed the exam.

Perfect conditional – form
The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of two elements: would + the perfect infinitive of the main verb (=have + past participle):


Example: to go, Past conditional
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I would have gone I wouldn’t have gone Would I have gone?
You would have gone You wouldn’t have gone Would you have gone?
He would have gone She wouldn’t have gone Would it have gone?
We would have gone We wouldn’t have gone Would we have gone?
You would have gone You wouldn’t have gone Would you have gone?
They would have gone They wouldn’t have gone Would they have gone?

In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed.
Type 3 conditional sentences, are truly hypothetical or unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always an unspoken “but…” phrase:
• If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam
(but I didn’t work hard, and I didn’t pass the exam).
• If I’d known you were coming I’d have baked a cake
(but I didn’t know, and I haven’t baked a cake).




NOTE: Both would and had can be contracted to ‘d, which can be confusing. Remember that you NEVER use would in theIF-clause, so in the example above, “If I’d known” must be “If I had known“, and “I’d have baked” must be “I would have baked..”
Examples:
a. If I’d known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
b. I would have bought you a present if I’d known it was your birthday.
c. If they’d had a better goalkeeper they wouldn’t have lost the game.
d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, I’d have sent you an e-mail.
e. Would you have bought an elephant if you’d known how much they eat?

Reff :
joeleonhart.wordpress.com
englischlernen.blogspot.com